UPSC Mains 2015 Papers

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[Inspiration] IPS Officer Shalini Agnihotri, Daughter of Bus Conductor

Shalini Agnihotri did her schooling from DAV school, Dharamshala and pursued her BSc (agriculture) at Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur (HPK). She has secured 285th rank in the UPSC civil services 2011 in the first attempt. She has brought honour to the university. She is the daughter of a bus conductor. Hailing from a simple middle-class family of Thathal village in Una district, she passed out with flying colours.

She has added another feather to her cap by winning the Best Trainee Award at the National Police Academy, Hyderabad. She also won the Prime Minister’s baton and the home ministry’s revolver for being the best all-round trainee officer of the 65th batch of the IPS. She was honoured by President Pranab Mukherjee during the passing-out parade at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in 2013.The selection of a personality for Himachali of the Year award was not an easy job as many.

Himachalies have performed outstandingly at various levels during the past year. However, the judges’ panel unanimously selected Shalini Agnihotri of Una district as Himachali of the Year 2013. She also bagged the Vandana Malik Trophy for the best all-around female officer trainee, L B Sewa Trophy for the best female officer trainee in outdoor subjects, Alakh Sinha Trophy for investigation, G S Arya Trophy for best officer trainee in co-curricular activities and the Home Ministry’s Trophy for best essay writing on ‘communal harmony and national integration‘ . Shalini has been allotted her home state cadre.

Earlier, she was selected as relationship manager with ING Vysya Group through campus placement and as assistant conservator of forests through HP forest services – examination, 2011. Shalini has emerged as a role model and inspiration for women.

IPS Shalini Agnihotri told that she desired to serve people through while she was analysing various career available. Shalini has achieved this position due to her desire police services. She has multifaceted talent since her early childhood days. Apart from being a meritorious student, Shalini is also a good sportswoman. She has represented CSK HPKV and PAU badminton teams in All India Inter University Badminton Championship while she was pursuing her graduation and post-graduation at these institutes.

“My father has always been supportive and encouraging. He has been my role model and I owe my success to him,” says Shalini. Born in Una ( HP). Her father, Ramesh, says he is delighted with his daughter’s achievement. “I would like to tell people to encourage their daughters rather than suppressing their goals,” He adds.

Her mother Shubhlata, a homemaker, said, “I am glad about her performance.” Dr Baldev Singh Dhillon, vice- chancellor, PAU, congratulated at ed Shalini for the achievement and said she has added another feather to her cap by making it to the UPSC Civil Services.

Don’t you think that she gave us the best example of women empowerment?

India salutes such women.

[OPINION / ANALYSIS] Will India Survive in Paris Climate Negotiation?

AVILASH ROUL

• First ever comment to the First Draft- which can be termed as Paris Protocol- came from India as ‘lopsided’ to bring climate justice, ‘inadequate’ for developing countries and ‘lenient’ to developed countries. Usually, after Bonn Intercessional Conference, which commence during June every year, the negotiation on climate change gets movement. However, this year it is the submission of national climate goals of countries as Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that have started posturing of the countries for the Paris Summit. As the major players and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters have submitted their action points as INDCs, will the Paris Climate Summit be a milestone in fighting climate change in the 21st Century?

• French President would be more optimistic to lure on an elusive Paris Protocol after India’s entry on 1 October at UNFCCC portal. The synthesis report, which eagerly awaited India’s entry, is now under preparation to become the negotiating text of the Summit. Any legally binding protocol that includes major emitters will be strongly opposed by India, which has been its longstanding position. But, the first Draft of Protocol is hinting towards a binding agreement falling on India and other developing countries on which India has already reacted.

• Much-awaited and anticipated but least publicly consulted among the 119 INDCs submitted (till October 5) is India’s INDC, named as ‘working Towards Climate Justice’. It is ‘welcomed’ as a ‘promising’ document better than that of the ‘US and EU’. By invoking Gandhian ecology and Vedas in its INDC, which was tactically released to public on Gandhi’s birth anniversary, India has positioned itself advantageously for the meanest and toughest week-long negotiation at Paris Climate Summit (COP21). While India has postulated the right strategy for Paris negotiation, back home, it needs to streamline its grandiose plan with accountability and monitoring institutions at place. However, the green groups in India are surprisingly satisfied with the content of the INDC!

• Since June this year, major countries have been submitting its INDCs to address the impacts of climate change. Many such INDC communications will continue upto 2016. Among 194 member countries of COP, 147 agreed under the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) to ‘initiate or intensify’ domestic preparations as INDCs towards adopting a protocol in Paris.

• From the outset, India’s INDC has been very impressive but not path breaking. Those who have labeled India as being obstructionist since Copenhagen Summit or from prior COPs, would rather be cheerful of latter’s commitment of 33 - 35% reduction of emission by 2030 from 2005 levels. It may be ‘conservative’ emission reduction, but it is continuation of its Copenhagen voluntary pledge of 20-25% intensity reduction by 2020. The other major emitter - China, which submitted its INDC as ‘Enhanced Actions on Climate Change’ in June, had promised to lower its CO2 emissions by 60-65% by 2030 from the 2005 level.

• For 2015 Paris Agreement, at best a compromise declaration, India will pitch for establishing an ‘effective, cooperative and equitable global architecture based on climate justice’ and the principle of Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities. Before the official release of the INDC, Minister of Environment and Forest and Climate Change had argued for bringing ‘life style’ debate at Paris negotiations. Although India through G-77 and China successfully prioritized ‘un-sustainable patterns of consumption and production’ in Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) adopted in 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, present national contradictions between ecological space and survival space of marginalized sections would rather backfire by questioning climate justice. India should reformulate its lifestyle argument as her northern neighboring country Bhutan has already Gross National Happiness (GNH). 

• The government has stage-managed world events tactfully to convey India’s climate action plan. During Sustainable Summit at Special Session of General Assembly in New York, Indian Prime Minister eloquently quoted Gandhi, as in INDC. For UNFCCC and international audience, the INDC, which is rationalized with Gandhian ecology, would definitely sound a bell. Nationally, successive governments have either abused or misused the spirit of ‘trusteeship’ as put forward in the INDC. Recent example is the manner in which Land Bill/Ordinances were being approved and later withdrawn.

• The impressive low carbon path, which espouses nuclear power and hydropower among other non-fossil fuels, will face a firm opposition on the ground due to its severe social and environmental consequences. To reach the potential in hydropower, India needs withdrawal of Supreme Court’s stay order on hydropower in Uttaranchal, implementing controversial Inter Basin Water Transfer (famously known as Interlinking of Rivers). Most importantly, a tussle on Brahmaputra with China to harness massive hydropower as well as recent foreign policy failure in Nepal, which is potentially a source of major hydropower for India, would be major hurdles. Similarly, nuclear power of India is completely dependent on the decision of Nuclear Supply Group (NSG), which has not given a go signal yet. Most of foreign trips of Indian PM which linked to get Uranium supply uninterrupted have not transformed into reality. Reputation of Clean coal technology of its cleanliness will continue a debating instrument in coming days too.

• Aware of being cornered during Paris negotiation, India has been working behind closed doors with few most vulnerable Island nations and Like Minded Developing Countries. Through Forum for India-Pacific Island Cooperation (FIPIC), India has reached out to most vulnerable countries on climate change which can be helpful during Paris Summit. Unlike in 2009, India has yet to forge a common SAARC statement for Paris. Among powerful BASIC group, China has already moved ahead in the group. The newly formed Vulnerable 20 (V20) had just completed a huddle in Peru devising a financial mechanism to support and sustain each other. India’s call for financial obligation for developed countries may get a support from V20 but finance transferring to India for its $2.3 trillion demand would face fractured mandate. Five SAARC countries are member of V20 which will have a tremendous role during Paris Negotiation.

• All member countries will be meeting at Bonn during October 19-23 to continue negotiation on the First Draft. India would like to rush ahead making partners to convey its reservations on the first Draft. The so-called ‘national interests’ of sovereign nations have jeopardized the effort to protect, preserve and manage ‘commons’. Fighting climate change has become victim of such parochial notions. India’s INDC may dispel its image of being an obstructionist during Paris talks, but India, like other major GHG emitters, won’t let down its national interest sooner. Thus, all eyes are set on the upcoming most crucial COP of 21st Century. 

Dr Avilash Roul, Senior Fellow at Indo-German Center for Sustainability, IIT- M, Chennai

Source: sspconline.org

[Compilation] All @ 1 Place [Economy, Environment, Geography, History, Polity, CA] NCERT + Referance Book

• Important Images: Link1 (by our blog), Link2 (by Kaushal)

• NCERT Compilation: Click Here (Eco, Env, Science, History, Polity, Geo Almost All Compile)
• NIOS Compilation: Click Here (Environment)

• Referance Book Compilation: Click Here (Spectrum's Modern History, Majid Husain Geo, Sankar IAS Env, Polity, Economy, Science all Major Exam point of view topic cover)

• Other Random Topics: Click Here

• Q&A: Click Here

• CA: Click Here

"Spread the Knowledge, Best will Win"

Courtesy: Teamwork 

[Environment] Sankar IAS Environment Complete Book Compilation

Full Book of Sankar IAS Environment Book: Click Here
Sankar IAS Environment Compilation Part 1: Click Here

Sankar IAS Environment Compilation Part 2: Click Here

Sankar IAS Environment Compilation Part 3: Click Here

Sankar IAS Environment Compilation Part 4: Click Here

Other Usefull Articles:

• IUCN Important News-Environment (From June 2014-June 2015): Click Here
• Ramsar Sites of India: Click Here

Special Thanks to Rajesh & Teamwork...
Other Compilation are work in progress so for updation visit here...

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[Part 5] Useful Image Collection (Act, Art & Culture, Festivals of India, Digital India, Disease, 7 Sister State, Health, Skill India etc) of 2015

Part 1 Link: Click here
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Part 3 Link: Click here
Part 4 Link: Click Here

• ACT Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Art & Culture Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Different Kinds of Festival in India Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Digital India Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• 7 Sister State Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Disease Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Health Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Musical Instruments Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Skill India Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Monastery Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Passport India Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• PMJJBY Images @ one Place*: Click Here

• Various Govenment Schemes: Click Here

All Part 1,2,3,4 and others Images @ one Place*: Click Here (New 1)

(*- All Images are at Google Drive link)
Source: The Hindu, Indian Express, Teamwork, Wiki, BT

[Inspiration] Pappu Priyanka UPSC Topper Rank 1003 Interview 2014-15

This is an exclusive report taken from Facebook wall of Pappu Priyanka UPSC Topper 2014-2015 Rank 1003 Interview and biography is written.

Bio Data

• Name- Pappu Priyanka

• School- Siddhartha High School

• Graduation –University College of Engineering, Osmania University

• Residence – Hyderabad

• Examinations-  Roll number in UPSC Exam 2014-2015 – 688585

• AIR – 1003

• Date of birth – 28 Mar 1992

Her name is Pappu Priyanka and she is topper in UPSC 2014-2015 . The person who cleared the examination in her first attempt at the age of 23yrs with AIR 1003 IN the year 2014-2015.UPSC Hall ticket no. 688585. Date of birth is 28 Mar 1992. Her father is an auto driver and mother is house wife. And undoubtly the support of her sister Goutami Pappu is exceptional for all time. Last but not least she is my cousin sister.

The success I’m enjoying now is not due to my own abilities alone but is also due to my family members and my friends support. I want to thank my guide and guru Dr.D.B.Kumar sir and also Dr.P.Nagaraju sir for their faith in me and for their continuous support.

My father is an auto driver but when I asked him about civil services he didn’t say that it is beyond his capacity but said that he will use his entire strength to achieve my dream and will be there with me and asked me to not to loose my willpower until I achieve success. His words were my strength and his attitude was my inspiration. He is my role model and this made me to reach my goal. Love you Nanna .

My mother is a housewife . She may not know what a civil servant will have to do as part of their job but she always said that we should have positive attitude and should see Ray of hope in every odd situation. She built such attitude in me which made me to withstand all difficulties that I faced in this path. Love u amma .

My sister made me to see my dreams with her eyes. She dreamt only for me. She gave her support to my father in all ways and together they didn’t let me notice the difficulties they are facing daily. Proud to have such a sister and I’m left with no words to talk about her. Love u darling .

Last but not the least my friends – Arun and Divya- they saw their success in mine. They gave their support in every aspect they can. They studied day and night for me. They cried when I’m sad and celebrated my happiness. Without You Peoplel I might not achieve this- love You guys .

"I thank all others who supported me in this path- Nazeer, Mohan, Prudhvi, Ramu , Raghu and everyone."

"Thank you so much…. Happy to share my success with all of You people."

[Environment] All you need to know about Biosphere Reserves & Biosphere Reserves in India

Biosphere Reserves:

• Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which promote the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. They are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme and nominated by national governments. 
• The Ministry of Environment and Forest provides financial assistance to the respective State governments for conservation of landscape and biological diversity and cultural heritage. 
• Biosphere reserves serve in some ways as ‘living laboratories’ for testing out and demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity.
• There is a World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) under the MAB Programme. Within this network, exchanges of information, experience and personnel are facilitated. There are over 500 biosphere reserves in over 100 countries. 

Differentiating National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries & Biosphere Reserves 

National Parks and Wild Life sanctuaries come under the category called “Protected Areas”. The Protected Areas are declared under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for 4 types of protected areas viz. Wild Life Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves. 

• The difference between a national park and a sanctuary is that no human activity is allowed inside a national park, while limited activities are permitted within the sanctuary. 
• In Biosphere Reserve, limited economic activity (sand and stone mining) is permitted. 

Selection Criteria of Biosphere Reserves 

The concept of Biosphere Reserves, especially its zonation, into Core Area(s) (dedicated to conservation), Buffer Area(s) (sustainable use) and Transition Area(s) (equitable sharing of benefits) were later broadly adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD ) process which entered into force on 29th December, 1993. 

Primary Criteria: 

• A site that must contain an effectively protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation and should include additional land and water suitable for research and demonstration of sustainable methods of research and management. 
• The core area should be typical of a biogeographical unit and large enough to sustain viable populations representing all trophic levels in the ecosystem. 

Secondary Criteria:

• Areas having rare and endangered species 
• Areas having diversity of soil and micro-climatic conditions and indigenous varieties of biota. 
• Areas potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of environment.

Number of Biosphere Reserves in India

There are 18 notified Biosphere reserves in India. As of now, only Nine viz. Nilgiri (2000), Gulf of Mannar (2001), Sunderban (2001), Nanda Devi(2004), Nokrek (2009), Pachmarhi(2009), Similipal (2009), Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (2012) and Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (2013) are in the UNESCO’s MAB world network. 

List of Biosphere Reserves in India

Why Biosphere Reserves? 

It appears that the Biosphere reserves mean the duplication of the conservation efforts of the protected areas, but it is not so. The idea is the “Biosphere Reserves” is to strengthen the “National Efforts” in conformity to the “International Practices“. The basic truth is that “most of the National parks in India were previously hunting grounds. Most of the wildlife sanctuaries are declared by the state governments out of a vague idea of protecting a particular species“. The present domestic legislations don’t represent a “systematic selection of the ecosystems”. Neither the wildlife sanctuaries nor the national parks focus on conservation of

• Plant species 
• Invertebrates 
• Biotic community as a whole. 

This is the major shortcoming of the present system. Further-

• The focus of WS/NP is on conservation of mammals. No focus to the other species which may be ecologically more vital. 
• The focus of the MAB and Biosphere Reserves is to protect the “threatened Habitats” and not “a particular threatened species”. 
• Through an Internationally recognized mechanism, the Research and Monitoring of the existing protected areas can be carried out on regular basis. 

Legislation Framework around Biosphere Reserves

• There is no comprehensive legislation in India dealing with all aspects of the Biosphere Reserves. 

How a Biosphere Reserve is declared? 

• Department of Environment is nodal agency for Biosphere Reserve programmes. It carries out detailed scientific investigation, maps the biogeographical regions and vegetation types, identified the critical areas. Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India assist in this work. 
• Area is demarcated. The Biosphere Reserve is declared by a notification by the Central and State Governments. 
• The central Government assumes the responsibility of meeting the costs of set up while the state government would set up desired machinery. 

Role of Wildlife Protection Act in Biosphere Reserves:

The wildlife protection act is complementary to the set up of Biosphere Reserves to the extent that it has considerable flexibility and latitude to establish such reserves. It does not define a Biosphere Reserve. The local / state government may enact a fresh legislation if it needs so. The area is proposed to UNESCO’s MAB which when accepts the proposal , is entered in the list of network of biosphere reserves

Source: wiki, unesco.org, teamwork

[Inspiration] Read this small story; Hope that makes a BIG change in ur mind

The Professor began his class by holding up a glass with some water in it. He held it up for all to see & asked the students
“How much do you think this glass weighs?”
~
’50gms!’….. ’100gms!’ …..’125 gms’
~
the students answered.
~
“I really don’t know unless I weigh it,” said the professor, “but, my question is:
What would happen if I held it up like this for a few minutes?”
~
‘Nothing’ …..the students said.
~
‘Ok what would happen if I held it up like this for an hour?’ the professor asked.
~
‘Your arm would begin to ache’ said one of the student
~
“You’re right, now what would happen if I held it for a day?”
~
“Your arm could go numb; you might have severe muscle stress & paralysis & have to go to hospital for sure!” Ventured another student & all the students laughed
~
“Very good. But during all this, did the weight of the glass change?” Asked the professor.
~
‘No’…. Was the answer.
~
“Then what caused the arm ache & the muscle stress?”
~
The students were puzzled.
~
“What should I do now to come out of pain?” asked professor again.
~
“Put the glass down!” said one of the students .
~
“Exactly!” said the professor.
Life’s problems are something like this, Hold it for a few minutes in your head & they seem OK. Think of them for a long time & they begin to ache.
~
Hold it even longer & they begin to paralyze you. You will not be able to do anything.
~
It’s important to think of the challenges or problems in your life, But EVEN MORE IMPORTANT is to ‘PUT THEM DOWN’ at the end of every day before you go to sleep… . That way, you are not stressed, you wake up every day fresh & strong & can handle any issue, any challenge that comes your way!

Moral

So, when you start your day today, Remember friend to ‘PUT THE GLASS DOWN TODAY! '

All you need to know about "The Rohingya Migrant Crisis"

Introduction:

• Tens of thousands of Muslim Rohingya have fled Myanmar in the past year, many of them taking to the sea in the spring of 2015 to try to reach Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. 
• The latest surge in refugees was prompted by a long-building crisis: the discriminatory policies of the Myanmar government in Rakhine State, which have caused hundreds of thousands of Rohingya to flee since the late 1970s.
• Their plight has been compounded by the responses of many of Myanmar’s neighbors, which have been slow to take in the refugees for fear of a migrant influx they feel incapable of handling.

Who are the Rohingya?

• The Rohingya are an ethnic Muslim minority group living primarily in Myanmar's western Rakhine State; they practice a Sufi-inflected variation of Sunni Islam. 
• The estimated one million Rohingya in Myanmar account for nearly a third of Rakhine state's population. 
• The Rohingya differ from Myanmar’s dominant Buddhist groups ethnically, linguistically, and religiously.
• The Rohingya trace their origins in the region back to the fifteenth century when thousands of Muslims came to the former Arakan Kingdom. Many others arrived during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when Bengal and the Rakhine territory were governed by colonial rule as part of British India. 
• Since independence in 1948, successive governments in Burma, renamed Myanmar in 1989, have refuted the Rohingya's historical claims and denied the group recognition as one of the country's 135 ethnic groups. 
• The Rohingya are largely identified as illegal Bengali immigrants, despite the fact that many Rohingya have resided in Myanmar for centuries.
• Both the Myanmar government and the Rakhine state’s dominant ethnic Buddhist group, known as the Rakhine, reject the use of the label "Rohingya," a self-identifying term that surfaced in the 1950s and that experts say provides the group with a collective, political identity. 
• Though the etymological root of the word is disputed, the most widely accepted origin is that "Rohang" is a derivation of the word "Arakan" in the Rohingya dialect and the "ga" or "gya" means "from."
• By identifying as Rohingya, the ethnic Muslim group asserts its ties to land that was once under the control of the Arakan Kingdom, according to Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project, a Thailand-based advocacy group.

What is the legal status of the Rohingya?

• The Myanmar government refuses to grant the Rohingya citizenship status and, as a result, the vast majority of the group's members have no legal documentation, effectively making them stateless. 
• Though Myanmar's 1948 citizenship law was already exclusionary, the military junta introduced a citizenship law in 1982 whose strict provisions stripped the Rohingya of access to full citizenship. 
• Until recently, the Rohingya have been able to register as temporary residents with temporary identification cards, known as "white cards," which Myanmar's regime began issuing to many Muslims (both Rohingya and non-Rohingya) in the 1990s. 
• The white cardsconferred  some limited rights but were not recognized as proof of citizenship. Although the temporary cards held no legal value, Lewa says that the IDs did represent some minimal recognition of temporary stay for the Rohingya in Myanmar.
• In 2014 the government held a UN-backed national census—its first in thirty years. The Muslim minority group was initially permitted to self-identify as "Rohingya," but after Buddhist nationalists threatened to boycott the census, the government decided the Rohingya could only register if they identified themselves as Bengali.
• Similarly, under pressure from Buddhist nationalists protesting Rohingyas’ right to vote in a 2015 constitutional referendum, President Thein Sein cancelled the temporary ID cards in February 2015, effectively revoking their newly gained right to vote—white card holders were allowed to vote in Myanmar's 2008 constitutional referendum and 2010 general elections. "Country-wide anti-Muslim sentiment makes it politically difficult for the [central] government to take steps seen as supportive of Muslim rights," writes the International Crisis Group.
• Despite the documentation by rights groups of systematic disenfranchisement, violence, and instances of anti-Muslim campaigns, Muslim minorities continue to "consolidate under one Rohingya identity" says Lewa.

Where are they migrating?

• Many Rohingya have sought refuge in nearby Bangladesh, which hosts more than thirty-two thousand registered refugees; more than two hundred additional unregistered Rohingya refugees are believed to live in the country, according to UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates. 
• However, conditions in the most of the country’s refugee camps are dire, driving many to risk a perilous voyage in the Bay of Bengal.

What is the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and international actors in resolving the migration crisis?

• No unified or coordinated ASEAN response has been proposed or developed to address the deepening crisis. States in Southeast Asia also lack established legal frameworks to provide for the protection of rights for refugees.
• Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand—all ASEAN members—have yet to ratify the UN Refugee Convention and its Protocol. ASEAN itself has remained silent on the plight of the Rohingya and on the growing numbers of asylum-seekers in member countries largely because of the organization’s commitment to the fundamental principleof noninterference in the internal affairs of member-states. Lilianne Fan of the London-based Overseas Development Institute says that while ASEAN has the capacity to manage this crisis, member states lack the political will to resolve it.
• Advocacy groups like Human Rights Watch, the Arakan Project, and Fortify Rights, a Southeast Asia-based advocacy group, continue to appeal to major international players to exert pressure on Myanmar's government. Some, like New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof, argue that the United States should not have normal relations with the country until its persecution of the Rohingya ends. Others, like senior advisor at the United States Institute of Peace and former U.S. mission chief in Myanmar Priscilla Clapp, say that placing sole blame on Myanmar oversimplifies and misrepresents the complexities of the country's historical ethnic diversity. "An international response that consists primarily of assigning blame for this humanitarian tragedy is no longer tenable. It is time for the international community to organize a realistic, workable solution," writes Clapp.
• To date, the United States and other global powers have urged the central government in Myanmar to do more to protect ethnic minority groups from persecution. On a visit to Myanmar in the fall 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama said, "Discrimination against a Rohingya or any other religious minority… does not express the kind of country that Burma over the long term wants to be."
• Though no coherent regional or international response to the migrant crisis has come to fruition, more pointed international pressure appears to be mounting against Myanmar's central government. U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration Anne Richard said in May that resettlement fails to address the plight of the Rohingya in Myanmar. "The answer to the issue is peace and stability and citizenship for the Rohingyas in Rakhine State, and that is the solution."

Future: apprehensions and hope

• The Rohingyas have also tried to overcome their hardships by establishing rudimentary schools; by helping one another find work; and by joining organizations that provide services, advice and a sense of solidarity. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said it was supporting 31 “learning centers” across Malaysia for Rohingya children. Other schools operate without United Nations support. It is only seldom that the Rohingyas use their communal solidarity as a form of security for themselves.
• Bangladesh has offered to relocate the 32,000 registered refugees to an inhabited island called Thengar Char, two hours away from the mainland. Not only is such a large scale move logistically impractical, but also the island disappears under floodwater for a few good months during the monsoon and is visited by pirates. Their ‘home country’ Myanmar has banned the community from fleeing, but refuses to address the problem. Pakistan’s permanent representative at the UN has suggested for the cause to be taken up to the UN Secretary General Ban ki Moon, and that the recent resolution adopted on Rohingya Muslims at a Ministerial meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) be sent to the President of the Security Council. Malaysia and Indonesia have agreed to provide temporary asylum to 7000 migrants. Fate of thousands of the beleaguered community remains dark as they flee from one country to another in search of a basic need: an identity.

Source: sspconline.org, wiki

[Part 4] Useful Image Collection of 2015

Part 1 Link: Click Here
Part 2 Link: Click Here
Part 3 Link: Click Here

46. One Rank,One Pension (OROP)

47. All u need to know controversy around Maggi

47A. Maggi sales drop 15-20% across India

47B. Sample Testing Techniques

47C. Story of Instant Noodles

48. Fuel Norms set for Upgrade

49. ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services)

50. India Handloom Industry

51. RBI Still Sceptical of Reccovery

52. Stronger El Nino, Neutral IOD

53. Saving Sawfish

54. New US law curtails NSA spying powers

55. Cloud-seeding

56. India and ICJ

57. Why Kerala Won't stop Fishing

58. 5 Facts About Insurgency in the North-East

59. Operation Blue Star (1984)

60. PMKSY

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express, Teamwork, Wiki, BT

[Geography] FREE TMH Geography of India by Majid Hussain Complete Compilation

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[History] Spectrum's Modern History of India Complete Compilation

Full Book: Spectrum Modern History of India: Click Here

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• Chapter 14 Compilation of Spectrum Modern History of India: Click Here

Other Compilation are work in progress so for updation visit here...

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[Environment] NIOS Environment Complete Compilation

NIOS Environment Compilation Part 1: Click Here

NIOS Environment Compilation Part 2: Click Here

NIOS Environment Compilation Part 3: Click Here

NIOS Environment Compilation Part 4: Click Here

NIOS Environment Compilation Part 5: Click Here

Other Compilation are work in progress so for updation visit here...
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[Part 3] Useful Image Collection of 2015

Part 1 Link: Click Here
Part 2 Link: Click Here

31. Points For Ganga Cleaning Project

32. ISIS

33. We have lost a family members_Kem Marton

34. DNR (Do not resuscitate)

35. Neem Coated Urea

36. Modi Govt_A year in Office

37. Gold Monetization Scheme

38 Top States For Crime Against SC & ST

39. Environmental Democracy Index

40. Cleaning The Ganga [Issues/Solution]

41. Vadnagar history, finds its link to Silk Route

42. 5 Fact About HeatWave

43. 6 Little Know Fact About E-mail

44. Worl's Peacekeepers

45. World Weirdest Micronations

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express, Teamwork, Wiki, BT